Module 10: Modernism & Liberalism

Hi everyone, and welcome back to the tenth module of the History of Christianity 2 Course. In this section, we'll work through the history of one of the low points of the Protestant churches and how God's faithful people responded. This module will cover the philosophies and movements known as modernism and theological liberalism, as well as the church's responses to those movements.

This module will help you to understand the worldview and ideas behind the heresies of modernism and theological liberalism and how these destructive ideas deceptively infiltrated churches and Christian institutions. And you will also be exposed to the two categories of response that God's faithful people made to these foreign and false worldviews and their deception. The student will be able to consider the impact and legacy of these heretical worldviews and the faithful responses and how the world has changed because of them.

The student will be exposed to the underlying philosophies and ideas behind the heresy of theological liberalism and its deceptive and corrosive influence on churches from that time onward. The student will also be exposed to the successful means by which this influence was resisted and overturned. The student will have opportunity to evaluate all these various principles, approaches, ideas, mindsets, and practices, and the lessons that can be learned from theological liberalism and the faithful responses to it. This module will also aid the student to work through how the lessons learned are applicable in their own life and ministry.

Introductory Scenario

Imagine that you are a spy. Your particular job is to guard against enemy spies who are attempting to infiltrate and sabotage your side. You will need to be especially diligent and discerning, because the enemy spies will try to appear to be on your side and blend in. Some may even have been brainwashed to actually believe they are on your side to more effectively assimilate and disrupt your side's mission. How could you recognize whether someone is actually serving your side or the enemy? If you suspected someone of working for the enemy, how would you test and prove this? If they turned out to be an enemy spy, how would you protect against and work to mitigate their sabotage? How could you help others not to be deceived by enemy deception and distraction? Please consider these questions and be watching for material that will help you answer them as you work through this module.

Module Objectives and Outcomes

Upon successful completion of this module, the student will:

  • Describe the history of modernism and theological liberalism, and how these ideas infiltrated churches.
  • Understand the worldview behind theological liberalism and the strategies that were used to insinuate these ideas into and to take over Christian institutions.
  • Describe the main approaches and strategies with which the faithful churches resisted and countered the influence of theological liberalism and the results of those strategies.
  • Demonstrate a commitment to recognize, resist, and reverse the effects of theological liberalism and its descendants wherever found in current institutions.
  • Place the major events and people of these movements in a general chronology.

Instruction Guides

In this section, you'll find links to important instructional documents for this module. Click the following links to open each document. There is a set of instructions for individual study and a document for group study.

Textbook Content

In this section, you'll find a study guide for the textbook reading for module 10. And then you'll find the link to a practice quiz covering this textbook reading.

This section also contains a review quiz to test your understanding of the textbook material for this module. By clicking the banner below, you will be given a series of questions, in random order. The quiz will be different each time, so feel free to take it more than once.

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Gonzalez Textbook Quiz
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Textbook Review Quiz for Gonzalez chs. 31-32, 36

Click the button next to the best answer for each question, or drag each term to its best definition. Then press the Submit button at the bottom to see if your answers are correct.


Drag each term to its best definition.
Scopes Trial
Norman V. Peale
Richard Niebuhr
Charismatic Wave
Moral Majority

Group of Evangelical leaders organized to defend moral values and conservative social policies.

Promoted Christianity as "Positive thinking" to be a means to inner peace and happiness.

Wrote "The Kingdom of God in America," criticizing Christianity for protecting racial and social self-interest

Widespread experience of Pentecostal phenomena among mainline non-Pentecostal denominations

Caused by teaching evolution in schools. Used to portray fundamentalists as closed minded anti-intellectuals.

Protestant theologians and authorities typically rejected modernist ideas.

True

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 385

False

Correct
For which cause did most Protestants unify in the 1920s in the USA?

World War 2

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 476

Civil Rights

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 476

Scopes Monkey Trial

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 476

Prohibition

Good Job

In Rerum Novarum, Leo XIII taught that because the government should protect the poor, the idea of private property, which protects the rich, should be rejected

True

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 407

False

Well Done
Schleiermacher rejected as unimportant any doctrine that did not foster the feeling of dependency.

True

Good Job

False

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 390
The idea of progress was optimistic, thinking that technology would soon solve all problems.

True

Well Done

False

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 386
Roman Catholic theologians and authorities typically rejected modernist ideas.

True

Correct

False

Sorry, see Gonzalez p. 399-400
This philosopher taught that all reality is a dialectic in which a thesis is challenged by an antithesis, which results in a synthesis, which is then challenged, in a never-ending progression

Kierkegaard

Sorry, see Gonzalez pp. 391-392

Darwin

Sorry, see Gonzalez pp. 391-392

Hegel

Good Job

Freud

Sorry, see Gonzalez pp. 391-392

Marx

Sorry, see Gonzalez pp. 391-392

Drag each term to its best definition.
Freud
Kierkegaard
The Communist Manifesto
On the Origin of Species
Harnack
Schleiermacher

Taught that humans are often moved by forces underneath the conscious level in the subconscious

Taught that the early church abandoned the teachings of Jesus for teaching about Jesus

Analyzed history in terms of class and ideological struggle

Tried to make Christianity acceptable to rationalists and romantics by describing it as a "feeling of dependence"

Popularized the idea of evolution as progress

Christian who wrote against making Christianity easy and cheapening grace

Drag each term to its proper definition
Papal Infallibility
De Lamennais
Syllabus of Errors
Rerum Novarum
C.E.L.A.M.
Ineffabilis

Taught that the popes should cooperate with republican and democratic movements

Taught that when the pope spoke ex cathedra, his teachings were divinely inspired and perfect

Decree of Leo XIII that dealt with the treatment of workers by employers

The decree of Pius IX defining the immaculate conception of Mary, without church council assent

One example of Pius XII recognizing the international character of the Roman Catholic church

Official list of ideas that the Roman Catholic church rejected and taught against


Lecture Content

In this section, you will find the video lectures for the Modernism & Theological Liberalism module. They are designed to be watched in order, but each video should make sense on its own. Click each banner to open access to each video. There are also links with each video if you prefer to watch on the Rumble or YouTube interface or download just the audio to listen offline.

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10a: Modernism & Liberalism
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10b Response to Liberalism
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Reviews

In this section, you will find the review slides from the course lectures for module 10. This is a convenient way to view and review the summaries for each lecture. Click the banner to open the slide show.

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Review Slideshow
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Click the prev. and next buttons (bottom right of the slide) to move through the slides. You can also click on any thumbnail to go directly to that slide.

Discussion/Reflection/Essay Questions

This section contains questions for further thought and discussion from Module 10. It is recommended that you take time to think through these issues in order to thoroughly grasp the significance and explore the application of the material you are learning. These questions can also be used as essay questions in a classroom setting exam. Below, you will find links to the Response and Application Reflection Instructions for Individuals, and the Response and Application Discussion Instructions for Groups. And you will find a link to the detailed question document for this module. Or Click the banner below to view the questions in a simplified format.

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Discussion/Application Questions
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The following questions are for your thoughtful consideration and discussion:

  1. Describe Theological Liberalism. Why did it do what it did? How did it turn out? What did you learn?
  2. Describe current forces pushing for compromise. Why are they tempting? How can you resist?
  3. Where are there tendencies to compromise in the current church? How can you make a difference?
  4. Where are there tendencies to compromise in your own life? How can you resist them?
  5. How did the church play offense well? What was good about what they did? Why? How does this apply?
  6. How did the church play defense well? What was good about what they did? Why? How does this apply?
  7. What else did you learn? How does it apply?

(Optional) Timeline - Part 10

This section contains instructions for an optional Timeline activity to be constructed over all sixteen modules. Below is a link to the detailed instructions for this activity.

Step ten of the Timeline should include the following information:

  • Any significant events, ideas, and people representative of modernism and theological liberalism.
  • Any significant events, ideas, and people representing the faithful Christian response to modernism and theological liberalism.
  • Any significant writings from these movements, and the ideas, doctrines, and approaches which they represent, and the impact they had.

(Optional) Principles Chart - Part 10

This section contains instructions for an optional Principles Chart activity to be constructed over all sixteen modules. Below is a link to the detailed instructions for this activity.

Step ten of the Principles chart will add any important principles noted from the rise of theological liberalism, how it gained influence, and from the faithful Christian response - the results these movements had, the reasons behind those results, and how those principles can be applied.

It is suggested that the student begin this activity before watching the Guiding Principles portion of the lecture. Then the student may supplement their work after learning additional insights from the Guiding Principles.

(Optional) Term Project Research & Organization

The student will continue researching their chosen topic for their term project. The student should seek to follow where their research leads, and fill any gaps in their knowledge. The student should also continue organizing all that they are learning into a logical and coherent structure, based on the information they have researched, which will serve as the organization for their term project presentation.

Below is a link to detailed instructions for the entire project.

Primary Source Reading

This section contains instructions and resources for the Primary Source Reading activity. The student should read a minimum of 10-20 pages from a primary resource or resources discussed in this module's lecture and write or discuss a brief response to their reading. Below is a link to detailed instructions for the Primary Source Reading, which contain a list of recommended resources, by module. And click the banner below to access a list of recommended resources with links to where they may be found.

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Primary Sources
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The following is a list of the recommended primary sources for this module. This list contains links to the resources in print and/or online format. These links may change, so feel free to search for other sources for these same titles. In addition, please do not feel you are limited only to this list. Feel free to choose from any primary source from the period and topic covered in this module:

Links to Primary Sources

Review Quiz

This section is a link to a review quiz to test your understanding of the objective material for Module 10. By clicking the banner, you will be taken to a series of questions, in random order. Answer each question and then push the Submit button to check your answers. Every question must be answered before you can submit the quiz. At the end, you will be shown your score for the entire quiz. The quiz will be different each time, so feel free to take it more than once. Click the banner to begin the quiz.

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Quiz for Module 10
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Review Quiz for Module 10

Here is a review quiz for the material covered in this module's lectures. Click the button next to the best answer for each question, or drag each term to its best definition. Then press the button at the bottom to see if your answers are correct.


Machen argued that theological liberalism is not true Christianity, but a different, man-made religion

True

Well Done

False

Sorry, see Lecture 10b
Drag each name to its best description
Machen
Kuyper
Spurgeon
Warfield
Van Til
Fundamentals

Series of writings published to show that traditional Christian doctrine is true and theological liberalism is false

Argued that secular worldviews don't make sense, and cannot justify knowledge without relying on assumptions borrowed from the Christian worldview

One of the Princeton Theologians who wrote on the Inspiration and Authority of the Bible

The prince of preachers who stood faithful during the Down-Grade Controversy

Started Westminster Seminary as an alternative to unfaithful Princeton. Claimed that theological liberalism is not Christianity, but an entirely different religion

Emphasized Christianity as an entire worldview, and that Christ claimed ownership of every part of life

Which of these is NOT true of Charles Spurgeon?

He worked to train other faithful ministers to continue faithful ministry work

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

His church oversaw orphanages and almshouses and worked for Biblical justice

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

He was an excellent preacher, who used illustrations and clear applications well

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

He warned against the "downgrade" into theological liberalism

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

He urged that unity of the church was most important, even if it meant compromise with theological liberalism

Good Job

His preaching was theologically rich and significant

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

One of the mistakes of theological liberalism was to put a concern for apologetics -reaching people, above a concern for theology - knowing and living the truth from God

True

Well Done

False

Sorry, see Lecture 10a
Which of these is NOT a way the faithful church played good defense against theological liberalism?

Starting new institutions as an alternative to unfaithful institutions

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

Publishing "The Fundamentals"

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

Withdrawing from unfaithful organizations, like in the downgrade controversy

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

Exposing the errors of theological liberalism

Sorry, see Lecture 10b

Subverting the unfaithful institutions by deceptively infiltrating them

Well Done

The Lecture suggests that many liberal theologians were cowards, who went along with modernist ideas because they were afraid of conflict or being unpopular

True

Well Done

False

Sorry, see Lecture 10a
One of the strategies of theological liberalism was to use traditional Christian words, but use them with different meanings, sometimes deceptively

True

Correct

False

Sorry, see Lecture 10b
Schleiermacher was trying to make Christianity acceptable to unbelieving people, but in the process, compromised and ultimately denied real Christianity

True

Good Job

False

Sorry, see Lecture 10a
Historical Jesus studies have been criticized as finding a Jesus who looked just like the scholars who supposedly found the "real, historical Jesus"

True

Correct

False

Sorry, see Lecture 10a
Which of these is NOT true of source criticism as practiced by Wellhausen?

It focused on many details in the books of Moses

Sorry, see Lecture 10a

It concluded the books of Moses were assembled from four earlier sources

Sorry, see Lecture 10a

It concluded that the books of Moses came from around the time of the exile

Sorry, see Lecture 10a

It noticed details in the books of Moses that had never been known before

Correct

It concluded that Israelite history was different from the history described in the Bible

Sorry, see Lecture 10a


Module Completed!

Congratulations, you have reached the end of the tenth module. I hope that you have found it rewarding and have noticed personal growth.

I encourage you to continue on the next module as soon as is convenient. The button below will take you to Module 11.